Nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate and nitride semiconductor device

ABSTRACT

There is provided a nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate having a group III nitride semiconductor layer with C-plane as a surface, grown on a substrate via a buffer layer of the group III nitride semiconductor containing Al, wherein the buffer layer has an inversion domain on the surface.

The present application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-146935, filed on Jul. 1, 2011, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates to a nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate having a buffer layer of a group III nitride semiconductor containing Al and a nitride semiconductor device using the same.

2. Description of the Related Art

A technique of reducing dislocation of a group III nitride semiconductor layer is known, wherein a low temperature buffer layer such as AlN and GaN or a high temperature buffer layer such as AlN and AlGaN is provided between a heterogeneous substrate and the group III nitride semiconductor substrate, in a case that a nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate with the group III nitride semiconductor layer such as GaN, etc., grown thereon, is fabricated on the heterogeneous substrate such as a sapphire substrate and a SiC substrate.

As a proposal regarding the high temperature buffer layer, patent document 1 describes a technique of reducing the dislocation in the group III nitride film formed on the AlN buffer layer by forming unevenness on a surface of the AlN buffer layer (base film).

Patent Document 1:

Japanese Patent Laid Open Publication No. 2002-222771

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

However, in the aforementioned conventional method of providing the lower temperature buffer layer or the high temperature buffer layer such as AlN, the dislocation in the group III nitride semiconductor layer can't be sufficiently reduced, and a crack is frequently generated on the group III nitride semiconductor layer. Particularly, in a case that a thickness of the group III nitride semiconductor layer such as GaN layer, etc., is 5 μm or more, an epitaxial substrate with cracks generated thereon is rapidly increased, thus largely deteriorating a yield rate.

An object of the present invention is to provide a nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate having a group III nitride semiconductor layer capable of reducing dislocation and capable of suppressing a generation of cracks, and a nitride semiconductor device.

According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate having a Group III nitride semiconductor layer with C-plane as a surface, grown on a substrate via a buffer layer of the Group III nitride semiconductor containing Al, wherein the buffer layer has an inversion domain on the surface.

According to other aspect of the present invention, there is provided a nitride semiconductor device having a device structure formed on the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C are cross-sectional views showing respectively the manufacturing steps of manufacturing a nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing a nitride semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing a relation between a surface density of an inversion domain of an AlN buffer layer and a half value width of a rocking curve of X-ray diffraction of a GaN layer, in the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to an example and a comparative example of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing a relation between a surface density of the inversion domain of the AlN buffer layer and a dislocation density on the surface of the GaN layer, in the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to an example and a comparative example of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing a relation between a thickness of the GaN layer and a yield rate of cracks, in the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to an example and a comparative example of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments of a nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate and a nitride semiconductor device according to the present invention will be descried hereafter.

(Nitride Semiconductor Epitaxial Substrate)

FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C are cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing steps of manufacturing a nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to an embodiment of the present invention, respectively. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate of this embodiment will be described using FIG. 1A to FIG. 1C showing the manufacturing steps.

FIG. 1C shows a nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1 to be manufactured. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1 is formed by epitaxially-growing a group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 such as GaN (gallium nitride) on a substrate 2 for growing nitride semiconductor, via a buffer layer 3 of the group III nitride semiconductor containing Al (aluminum), wherein the buffer layer 3 has an inversion domain (ID) 5 on its surface. Wherein, the inversion domain (ID) refers to an area in reverse polarity in comparison with circumferential crystals, and refers to an area in which an area having N-polarity in reverse polarity or N-polar face is generated in group III nitride semiconductor crystal (in group III polarity such as Ga-polarity and Al-polarity).

First, as shown in FIG. 1A, a substrate 2, being the substrate for growing the group III nitride semiconductor is prepared. Each kind of substrate suitable for epitaxially-growing the group III nitride semiconductor such as sapphire substrate, ZnO substrate, SiC substrate, Si substrate, GaAs substrate, GaN substrate, AlN substrate, and AlGaN substrate, can be used for the substrate 2.

Further, the surface of each kind of substrate may be used as the surfaces of these substrates, if it is suitable for a growth, with a group III surface of C-plane of the group III nitride semiconductor as the surface. For example, in the sapphire substrate without polarity, the C-plane may be used, or the surface inclined by 0 to 2° in a direction from the C-plane to A-axis, M-axis or an intermediate direction of them may be used. Further, in the ZnO substrate, Zn-plane of the C-plane may be used, and in the SiC substrate, Si-plane of the C-plane may be used, and in the GaN substrate, the AlN substrate, and the AlGaN substrate, the group III plane of the C-plane may be used, or the surface inclined by 0 to 2° in a direction from the C-plane to A-axis, M-axis or an intermediate direction of them may be used. In the Si substrate, (111) plane may be used, and in the GaAs substrate, (111)A plane or (111)B plane may be used and the surface inclined by 0 to 2° in an arbitrary direction from these planes may be used.

Next, as shown in FIG. 1B, the buffer layer 3 of the group III nitride semiconductor (such as AlN, AlGaN) containing Al, is formed on the substrate 2 by a vapor phase epitaxial method. HVPE method (Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxial) and MOVPE method (Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxial), etc., are used as the vapor phase epitaxial method.

When the buffer layer 3 containing large quantity of Al is grown on the substrate 2 at a high temperature of 900° C. or more, the buffer layer 3 is grown using the group III plane as the surface, because Al plane of the AlN crystal is extremely stable compared with N plane, thus not generating N-group polar region (ID) on the surface of the buffer layer 3.

In this embodiment, by adding impurities into the buffer layer 3 of AlN, etc., to thereby generate and introduce ID on the buffer layer 3 of AlN, etc., which continues to grow without being embedded in the group III polar layer, so that there is ID that reaches the surface of the buffer layer 3. It can be considered that stress in the buffer layer 3 is increased by increasing a concentration of the impurities added into the buffer layer 3 of AlN, etc., and therefore ID is introduced to relax the stress, and ID becomes stable by presence of the stress, thus continuing the presence of ID without disappearing.

As the impurities in the buffer layer 3, one kind or two kinds of Cl (chlorine), S (sulfur), and B (boron) are contained, with a concentration of 1×10¹⁵ cm⁻² or more and 1×10¹⁹ cm⁻² or less. Thus, although depending on the kind of the added impurities, the surface density (number density) of the ID on the surface of the buffer layer 3 can be adjusted in a range of approximately 1×10⁴ cm⁻² or more and 1×10¹¹ cm⁻² or less.

As shown in FIG. 1B, ID5 exists on the surface of the buffer layer 3, and N-polar face 3 b of ID5 appears in the group III polar face (Al polar face in a case of the AlN buffer layer) 3 a with a prescribed surface density, on the surface of the buffer layer 3.

In a case of the HVPE method performed in the vapor phase epitaxial of the buffer layer 3, for example, the pressure is set to 500 Torr (about 66661 Pa) to 760 Torr (about 101325 Pa, normal pressure), and V/III ratio is set to 10 or less, and a growth temperature is set to 900° C. to 1200° C. Further, in a case of the MOVPE method for example, the pressure is set to 500 Torr or less, V/III ratio is set to 10 or less, the growth temperature is set to 900° C. to 1200° C. Further, as a source gas, for example, NH₃ is used for N-source, AlCl₃ is used for Al-source, GaCl is used for Ga-source, InCl is used for In-source, and as impurity gas of Cl, S, B, HCl, H₂S BCl₃ are used respectively. Further, in a case of the MOVPE method, as the source gas, for example, NH₃ is used for the N-source, TMA (trimethyl aluminum) is used for the Al-source, TMG (trimethyl gallium) is used for the Ga-source, TMI (trimethyl indium) is used for the In-source, and as the impurity gas of Cl, S, B, HCl H₂S, B₂H₆ are respectively used. Further, H₂ or N₂ is used for the carrier gas in either case of the HVPE method and the MOVPE method.

The growth speed is set to 5 to 100 nm/minute in the case of the HVPE, and set to 1 to 30 nm/minute in the case of the MOVPE.

Al_(x)Ga_(1-x)N (0.5≦x≦1), and more preferably Al_(x)Ga_(1-x)N (0.9≦X≦1) are suitable as the group III nitride semiconductor containing Al of the buffer layer 3. Namely, AlN layer or AlGaN layer with high Al composition is preferable as the buffer layer 3.

The surface density (number density) of the ID on the surface of the buffer layer 3 and the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4, can be measured by Convergent Beam Electron Diffraction (CBED) method using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) for example.

Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 1C, a group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 such as GaN is epitaxially-grown on the buffer layer 3 having ID5 on the surface. When crystal growth is carried out on the buffer layer 3 having ID5 on the surface, pits are generated on a crystal growth surface f1 of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 immediately above ID5 as shown in FIG. 1C in an initial stage of the crystal growth, even if the surface of the buffer layer 3 is flat. This is because the growth speed of the N-polarity (ID5) of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 which grows on the N-polar face 3 b (ID5) of the surface of the buffer layer 3, is slower than the growth speed of the group III polarity (such as Ga-polarity).

In the growth of the group III nitride semiconductor layer such as GaN using C-plane ((0001) plane) as the surface, dislocation is propagated in the C-axis direction vertically to the surface, and therefore there is no case that dislocations meet with each other to disappear. Namely, the dislocation becomes penetration dislocation. However, in a case that ID5 exists on the surface of the buffer layer like this embodiment, the pit is generated on the crystal growth surface, and therefore if the dislocation meets a slope of the pit, a propagating direction of the dislocation is changed (in an oblique direction or in a direction parallel to the surface), and probability of meeting the dislocations is increased, to thereby reduce the dislocation. Therefore, if the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 such as GaN is grown on the buffer layer 3 such as AlN containing ID, the dislocation density on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 is more reduced than a case of the buffer layer not containing ID on the surface, and the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 having small half width value of a rocking curve of the X-ray diffraction and having excellent crystallinity can be obtained.

Specifically, the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate can be obtained, wherein dislocation density on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor substrate 4 is set to 5×10⁸ cm⁻² or less, and half width values on (0002) plane, (0004) plane, and (10-12) plane are respectively 300 seconds or less, 300 seconds or less, and 500 seconds or less in measurement of the rocking curve of the X-ray diffraction of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4. Note that as measurement conditions of the half width values of the X-ray diffraction, X-ray is generated with 40 kV, 45 mA using CuKα1 in an X-ray source, and an X-ray beam is made parallel by four crystal method, and an irradiation area of the X-ray beam is squeezed to 30 μm angle by a slit.

Although the pit is formed on the crystal growth surface f1 in the initial stage of the crystal growth of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4, the group III polarity (Ga-polarity in the GaN layer) has the growth speed faster than the growth speed of the N-polarity, and therefore the N-polar layer (ID5) is embedded in the III-polar layer, and as shown in FIG. 1C, crystal growth surfaces f2 to f5 are flattened as the growth is further advanced, and ID does not appear on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4.

The group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 of this embodiment is the group III nitride semiconductor layer with the C-plane of group III polarity (such as Ga polarity) used for the device as the surface, and ID5 does not exist on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4. The group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 is composed of Al_(x)Ga_(y)In_(z)N (0≦x, y, z≦1, x+y+z=1) such as GaN, AlN, InN, AlGaN, InGaN. Further, these group III nitride semiconductor layers 4 may be any one of the undoped layer, n-type layer, and p-type layer, or may be a lamination of them.

Note that even if the surface of the buffer layer has unevenness, when there is no ID present on the surface of the buffer layer, the crystal growth surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer grown on the buffer layer becomes flat immediately, and therefore the dislocation does not meet and disappear due to formation of the pit as described above, thus making it impossible to reduce the dislocation on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer, and the half width value of the rocking curve is not reduced.

In the crystal growth of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4, it is conceivable that the density allowing the pit to occur on the crystal growth surface, corresponds to the surface density of the ID5 on the surface of the buffer layer 3. Namely, the pits (valley portions) of the number approximately corresponding to the number of the ID5 on the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 on the buffer layer 3 having ID5, and island-shaped crystals (mountain portions grown from one or a plurality of growth stocks) of the number approximately corresponding to the number of the ID5 are generated.

As described above, the dislocation is reduced by the presence of the aforementioned islands or the slopes of the pits. Therefore, when the pit density (namely, ID density) is extremely low (for example, when the pit density is less than 1×10⁴ cm⁻²), most of the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 in the middle of the growth is flat C-plane, thus allowing the pits to exist sparsely, and therefore the ratio of the slopes on the surface is low, and an effect of reducing the dislocation of the present invention can't be obtained. Further, when the pit density is extremely high (for example, when the pit density is larger than 1×10¹¹ cm⁻²), the formed pit is small, and therefore the surface is flattened in a stage of a small growth thickness of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4. In this case as well, duration of the pit is short, and therefore the effect of reducing the dislocation according to the present invention, can't be obtained.

In a case of a suitable pit density (for example, in a case of 1×10⁴ cm⁻² or more and 1×10¹¹ cm⁻² or less), the slopes exist on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer in the middle of the growth with a sufficient ratio, which exists for a relatively long period of time in a growth process, and therefore the dislocation density can be more reduced than conventional. Particularly, the pit density (ID density) is preferably set to 1×10⁵ cm⁻² or more and 1×10¹⁰ cm⁻² or less, and is further preferably set to 1×10⁶ cm⁻² or more and 1×10 or less, for reducing the dislocation.

Further, in the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1 of this embodiment, ID5 exists on the buffer layer 3 and the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 at the substrate 2 side, and therefore the stress of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 is relaxed.

There is a large difference of thermal expansion coefficient between the substrate 2 made of sapphire, etc., and the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 made of GaN, etc. Therefore, when a temperature returns to a room temperature state after growing the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4, warp is generated in the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1, due to the difference of the thermal expansion coefficient, thus adding a compression stress on the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4. Therefore, the crack is generated on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 made of GaN, etc., due to the compression stress generated in the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4. When ID does not exists on the surface of the conventional buffer layer, the number of generations of cracks is suddenly increased, in a case that a thickness of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 made of GaN, etc., is 5 μm or more.

However, in the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1 of this embodiment, ID5 exists on the buffer layer 3 and the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 at the substrate 2 side, and therefore a behavior such as expanding/contracting deformation during compression/tension, is changed between the group III polar crystal and the N-polar crystal, and particularly on a boundary between the group III polarity and the N-polarity, compared with a case of the group III polar crystal only. Therefore, it can be considered that the contraction of the buffer layer 3 and the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 at the substrate 2 side caused by the compression stress is reduced, compared with the case of the group III polar crystal, and the stress near the substrate 2, being a problem particularly, can be relaxed. In the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1 of this embodiment, with ID5 existing on the buffer layer 3 and the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 at the substrate 2 side, the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate without cracks on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 can be manufactured with good yield rate, even if the thickness of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 made of GaN, etc., is set to 5 μm or more.

(Nitride Semiconductor Device)

The nitride semiconductor device according to an embodiment of the present invention is the nitride semiconductor device fabricated having a device structure such as the group III nitride semiconductor layer and an electrode formed on the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1, using the aforementioned nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1. In this nitride semiconductor device, the dislocation is reduced on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 of the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1 of this embodiment, and the half width value of the X-ray rocking curve is small. Therefore, the nitride semiconductor device with excellent characteristics can be fabricated, compared with a case of using the conventional nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate.

Blue LED (light emitting diode) shown in FIG. 2 fabricated using the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate of this embodiment will be described as an example of the nitride semiconductor device.

The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1 is formed by forming the GaN layer on the substrate 2, being the sapphire substrate, as the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4, via the buffer layer 2, being the AlN layer having ID. The epitaxial substrate 1 is installed on the MOVPE device, so that a laminated semiconductor having a blue LED structure is grown on the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1. The laminated semiconductor having the blue LED structure, is composed of n-type GaN clad layer 21, an active layer of InGaN/GaN multiquantum well structure, p-type AlGaN clad layer 23, and p-type GaN contact layer 24 which are sequentially laminated and grown on the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 made of GaN.

After the aforementioned laminated semiconductor is grown, the substrate for LED is taken out from the MOVPE device, then the obtained laminated semiconductor layers of the substrate for LED are partially subjected to etching and removed by RIE (Reactive Ion Etching), to thereby expose a part of the n-type GaN clad layer 21. An n-side electrode 25 is formed on the exposed n-type GaN clad layer 21, and a p-side electrode 26 is formed on a p-type GaN contact layer 24, and thereafter chipping is conducted, to thereby fabricate the blue LED having a structure shown in FIG. 2. The LED is fabricated by using the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1 having the n-type GaN clad layer 21, the active layer 22, and the p-type AlGaN clad layer 23, on the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4 made of GaN layer with superior crystallization, and the LES thus fabricated has a large optical output and a low drive voltage.

Explanation will be given for a shottky barrier diode (SBD) as other example of the nitride semiconductor device. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate using the SBD is formed by forming the GaN layer on the sapphire substrate via the buffer layer composed of the AlN layer having ID, similarly to the aforementioned LED. The SBD is fabricated by forming a schottky electrode and an ohmic electrode on an outer periphery of the shottky electrode so as to surround the shottky electrode, on the GaN layer of the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate, and the SBD with excellent characteristics can be obtained.

EXAMPLES

The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to an example of the present invention will be described next.

The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate of the example has the same cross-sectional structure as the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate 1 of the aforementioned embodiment shown in FIG. 1C, and the GaN layer, being the group III nitride semiconductor layer 4, is formed on the C-plane sapphire substrate (with a diameter of 4 inches), being the substrate 2, via the AlN buffer layer, being the buffer layer 3 having ID on the surface.

The AlN buffer layer had a thickness of 50 nm, containing Cl, S, or B in the AlN buffer layer as impurities, in a concentration range of approximately 1×10¹⁵ cm⁻³ to 1×10²⁰ cm⁻³, and a plurality of AlN buffer layers with different ID surface density on the surface were formed. Then, an undoped GaN layer (with a thickness of 8 μm) was formed on the AlN buffer layer. The AlN buffer layer and the GaN layer were formed by the HVPE method. The GaN layer was grown under conditions of the growth speed: 1 μm/minute; temperature: 1050° C.; and V/III ratio: 20. A mixed gas of hydrogen and nitrogen was used as the carrier gas.

Further, the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate of a comparative example was fabricated, similarly to the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate of the aforementioned example, excluding a point that the impurities were not added into the AlN buffer layer.

The surface density of the ID on the surface of the AlN buffer layer in the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate of the example and the comparative example was measured by CBED method respectively. In a case that the impurity concentration in the AlN buffer layer was 1×10¹⁹ cm⁻³ or less in the example, ID exists on the surface of the AlN buffer layer with a surface density of 1×10⁴ cm⁻² to 1×10¹¹ cm⁻². Meanwhile, in a case that the impurity concentration in the AlN buffer layer was larger than 1×10¹⁹ cm⁻³, the ID density was larger than 1×10¹¹ cm⁻². ID was not detected on the surface of the AlN buffer layer to which the impurities of the comparative example were not added. Further, ID was not detected on the surface of the GaN layer in the epitaxial substrate of the example and the comparative example respectively.

The X-ray diffraction was performed to the GaN layer of the epitaxial substrate of the example and the comparative example respectively, and the half width values of the rocking curves of (0002) plane, (0004) plane, and (10-12) plane were measured. FIG. 3 shows a result thereof.

As shown in FIG. 3, in the GaN layer (there is no ID on the surface of the AlN buffer layer) of the comparative example, the half width values of the rocking curves of (0002) plane and (0004) plane slightly exceeds 300 seconds in each case, and the half width value of the rocking curve of (10-12) plane exceed 500 seconds. Meanwhile, in the GaN layer, the half width values of the rocking curves of (0002) plane and (0004) plane were 300 seconds or less in each case, and the half width value of the rocking curve of the (10-12) plane was 500 seconds or less when the ID surface density on the surface of the AlN buffer layer was in a range of 1×10⁴ cm⁻² or more and 1×10¹¹ cm⁻² or less. Further, the half width value of the rocking curve of (0002) plane and (0004) plane were 200 seconds or less in each case, and the half width value of the rocking curve of the (10-12) plane was 300 seconds or less and small when the ID surface density on the surface of the AlN buffer layer was in a range of 1×10⁵ cm⁻² or more and 1×10¹⁰ cm⁻² or less.

Further, the dislocation density on the surface of the GaN layer in the epitaxial substrate of the example and the comparative example was measured respectively. FIG. 4 shows a measurement result of the dislocation result.

As shown in FIG. 4, the dislocation density on the surface of the GaN layer of the comparative example exceeded 5×10⁸ cm⁻². Meanwhile, in the GaN layer of the example, the dislocation density on the surface of the GaN layer was 5×10⁸ cm⁻² or less when the ID surface density on the surface of the AlN buffer layer was in a range of 1×10⁴ cm⁻² or more and 1×10¹¹ cm⁻² or less, and further the dislocation density on the surface of the GaN layer was about 1×10⁸ cm⁻² and low when the ID surface density on the surface of the AlN buffer layer was 1×10⁶ cm⁻² or more and 1×10⁹ cm⁻² or less.

When a similar experiment as described above was performed by changing the thickness of the AlN buffer layer in a range of 10 nm or more and 300 nm or less, substantially the same result was obtained.

Further, when the similar experiment as described above was performed under the growth conditions of the GaN layer, such as the growth speed: 0.1 μm/minute to 10 μm/minute, V/III raio: 1 to 1000, the growth temperature: 900° C. to 1100° C., H₂/N₂ ratio in the carrier gas: 0 to 100, substantially the same result was obtained.

Next, in the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate of the example, various epitaxial substrates were fabricated, with the ID surface density on the surface of the AlN buffer layer set to about 1×10⁷ cm⁻², and by variously changing the thickness of the GaN layer in a range of about 1 μm to 10 μm. Further, in the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate of the comparative example as well, the epitaxial substrate was fabricated by variously changing the thickness of the GaN layer. In these nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrates of the example and the comparative example, presence/absence of the generation of the crack on the surface of the GaN layer was examined. FIG. 5 shows a relation between the thickness of the GaN layer and the yield rate of the crack (the ratio (%) of not generating the crack on the GaN layer).

As shown in FIG. 5, the crack was not generated on the surface of the GaN layer up to about 3 μm of the thickness of the GaN layer in both of the epitaxial substrate of the comparative example and the epitaxial substrate of the example, and the crack yield rate was approximately 100%. However, in the epitaxial substrate of the comparative example, the crack yield rate was suddenly reduced when the thickness of the GaN layer was approximately 5 μm or more. Meanwhile, in the epitaxial substrate of the example, reduction of the crack yield rate was small even if the thickness of the GaN layer exceeded 5 μm, and when the thickness of the GaN layer was 10μ as well, there was a crack yield rate of about 60%.

When a similar experiment was performed to various AlN buffer layers with the ID surface density in a range of 1×10⁴ cm⁻² to 1×10¹¹ cm⁻², substantially the same result was obtained.

From the results described above, it was found that the half width value of the rocking curve of the GaN layer could be made small, and the dislocation density on the surface (outermost surface) of the GaN layer could be reduced and the generation of the crack on the GaN layer could be suppressed even in a case that the thickness of the GaN layer was 5 μm or more, by containing the impurities such as Cl in the AlN buffer layer with a concentration of about 1×10¹⁵ cm⁻³ to 1×10¹⁹ cm⁻³, and by making ID exist on the surface of the AlN buffer layer with a surface density of 1×10⁴ cm⁻² to 1×10¹¹ cm⁻². 

What is claimed is:
 1. A nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate, comprising: a buffer layer grown on a substrate, composed of a group III nitride semiconductor containing Al, and having a thickness between 10-300 nm; and a group III nitride semiconductor layer grown on the buffer layer, wherein in a surface of the buffer layer an inversion domain having N-polar is irregularly distributed, and the group III nitride semiconductor layer is configured so that a layer grown on the inversion domain on the surface of the buffer layer is embedded by a layer grown on a region other than the inversion domain on the surface of the buffer layer, an inversion domain does not exist on a surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer, the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer is a C-plane of group III polarity, a dislocation density on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer is 5×10⁸ cm⁻² or less, and the dislocation density on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer is lower than a dislocation density of a region in which the inversion domain does not exist on the surface of the buffer layer.
 2. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein a surface density of the inversion domain on the surface of the buffer layer is in a range of 1×10⁴ cm⁻² or more and 1×10¹¹ cm⁻² or less.
 3. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein at least one impurity selected from the group consisting of chlorine (Cl), boron (B), and sulfur (S) is added to the buffer layer, with a concentration of 1×10¹⁵ cm⁻³ or more, so that the inversion domain irregularly appears on the surface of the buffer layer.
 4. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein half width values of (0002) plane diffraction, (0004) plane diffraction, and (10-12) plane diffraction in measurement of X-ray rocking curves of the group III nitride semiconductor layer, are respectively 300 seconds or less, 300 seconds or less, and 500 seconds or less.
 5. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein the group III nitride semiconductor layer has a thickness of 5 μm or more, with no cracks on the surface.
 6. A nitride semiconductor device having a device structure formed on the nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate of claim
 1. 7. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein the buffer layer is an Al_(x)Ga_(1-x)N (0.5≦x≦1) layer.
 8. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial layer substrate according to claim 1, wherein the inversion domain is distributed irregularly over an entire surface of the buffer layer.
 9. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein a diameter of the substrate is 4 inches.
 10. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 1, wherein a diameter of the substrate is 4 inches, and a surface density of the inversion domain on the surface of the buffer layer is in a range of 1×10⁶ cm⁻² or more and 1×10⁹ cm⁻² or less.
 11. A nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate, comprising: a buffer layer grown on a substrate, and composed of AIN; and a group III nitride semiconductor layer grown on the buffer layer, wherein in a surface of the buffer layer, an inversion domain having N-polar is irregularly distributed, and the group III nitride semiconductor layer is configured so that a layer grown on the inversion domain on the surface of the buffer layer is embedded by a layer grown on a region other than the inversion domain on the surface of the buffer layer, an inversion domain does not exist on a surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer, the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer is a C-plane of group III polarity, and the dislocation density on the surface of the group III nitride semiconductor layer is lower than a dislocation density of a region in which the inversion domain does not exist on the surface of the buffer layer.
 12. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 11, wherein the inversion domain is distributed irregularly over an entire surface of the buffer layer.
 13. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 11, wherein a diameter of the substrate is 4 inches.
 14. The nitride semiconductor epitaxial substrate according to claim 11, wherein a diameter of the substrate is 4 inches, and a surface density of the inversion domain on the surface of the buffer layer is in a range of 1×10⁶ cm⁻² or more and 1×10⁹ cm⁻² or less. 